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无论是外地户口还是本地户口国家免费产检都需要在社区医院建档后方可享受，没有建档是不能做免费产检查血常规尿常规的。但是没建档能办出生证明，也能正常做产检，只是需要自费进行而且，不建档自费产检可能会影响后期生育保险对于产检费用的报销，部分地区规定，有生育保险的孕妇一定要在定点医院建卡才能享受报销。

对外地怀孕的女性，通常是建议在孕12周左右进行建卡，怀孕建卡要一天时间就够了，要生的时候再进行转档，这样更能保证孕期以及分娩时候孕妇与胎儿的安全。

如果有一天，你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”，也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子，你会做出什么样的选择？据科学家预计，未来10年内，人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY

Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.

据美国一名权威科学家预计，未来10年之内，做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。

IVF：in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术，又称“试管婴儿”

Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.

美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉（斯蒂芬·徐）说，科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分，这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。

Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.

徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务，旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。

“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”

徐道辉对《卫报》记者说：“准确的智商预测是可能的，即使不是未来5年内，那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”

The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.

新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。

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contentious [kn'tens]：adj.有异议的，引起争论的

Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”

牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说，应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说：“出于伦理原因，我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”

Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.

自上世纪90年代以来，接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选，以发现单个基因的突变，这些突变会导致严重的疾病，比如囊性纤维化，以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。

chromosome ['krmsm]：n.染色体

Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.

许多其他特征，包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性，都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域，以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。

In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.

在过去的十年里，随着大量基因数据库的建立，这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因，每个基因都做出了微小的贡献，就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分，即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。

polygenic[,pli'denik]：adj.多基因的

Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.

基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”，它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。

outlier ['atla]：n.（统计）异常值

Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]

Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.

智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分，但徐道辉表示，如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低，人们可能还是很想知道。

“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”

徐道辉说：“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家，但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得，如果我们能计算出这个评分，发现它低得十分异常，那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”

The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.

该公司预计，在5至10年内，一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用，它将能够预测智商，误差在10分以内。

Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”

徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准，说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。

reticent ['rets()nt]：adj.沉默的；有保留的

In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”

徐道辉说，在一些国家，比如新加坡，公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说：“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前，也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”

Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。

“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.

他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适，我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测，如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测，“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”

Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.

在英国，一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”

Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”

费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分，那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢？”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”

In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.

但实际上，夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外，人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如，有证据表明，学术能力的多基因得分越高，患自闭症的可能性就越大。

The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.

徐道辉说，这项技术存在争议，但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受，这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。

“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”

他说：“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物，弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上，我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在，所有指责（基因组预测）的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”

来源：卫报、参考消息网

翻译编辑：yaning

来源：中国日报网

导读：

广州世纪助孕公司相关介绍

卵子受精失败的原因是什么？试管婴儿受精失败后如何处理？

受精卵是获得优质胚胎的前提，受精失败，也就意味着无可用胚胎，这是很多患者都不愿意面对事实。试管婴儿技术经过40多年的发展和更新，但也同样完全避免试管婴儿受精失败的发生。

第一代试管婴儿是将精卵取出体外后，让其自然受精，授精过程无人工干预，治疗周期中低受精与完全不受精的发生率在10%-15%；第二代试管婴儿单精子注射技术，是人工挑选精子后与卵子进行强制授精，低受精与完全不受精的发生率为2.0%-3.0%。卵子受精是一个复杂的过程，受精失败可能是由于卵母细胞和精子内在的结构和功能缺陷、精卵结合障碍等原因引起的，具体机制尚不完全明确。

卵子为什么会受精失败？

（一） 卵子因素

1. 卵子染色体非整倍改变可能是造成IVF低受精与完全不受精的重要原因。随着年龄增大，卵子非整倍几率上升，因此有些既往生育/妊娠过的患者仍有可能此次第二代试管受精失败。

2. 成熟度异常：卵子核与胞浆的共同成熟是卵子受精的必要条件，当胞浆和核成熟不同步时，尽管这些卵子外观和正常卵子并没有差异，但往往不能正常受精，甚至出现单原核或三原核，或者受精后不能进一步卵裂发育。

3. 卵子透明带异常：卵子透明带就像是包裹卵子的“蛋壳”，增厚或过薄，都会影响精子的穿透，导致受精失败。另外，透明带基因变异可能导致精子的顶体不能与透明带发生反应或者反应不全，导致受精失败。

卵子为什么会受精失败？

（二） 精子因素

1. 精子活力低会明显降低受精率：卵子姑娘肯定更愿意与活力强的精子小哥哥结合，让自己得到更优质的结合体，“嫌弃”活力差的小哥哥不愿与其结合，也就变得顺其自然了。

2. 精子形态不完美影响受精，在单精子注射周期中，圆头精子受精率就明显降低了。

3. 精子顶替存在缺陷：精子与卵子的颗粒细胞及透明带结合无反应，也将导致受精失败。

上海世纪助孕集团官网优贝贝助孕医生专业

由此可见，受精失败无法完全预测和避免，常规IVF和ICSI受精过程中都有可能发生，精子和卵子因素都可能参与。为了尽量避免受精失败导致的无胚可用，目前针对受精失败的处理方法有：

卵子为什么会受精失败？

1、 辅助孵化：针对显微镜下透明带厚的卵子，胚胎实验室会进行此项操作，用激光将透明带削薄，以利于常规IVF受精时精子穿透。

2、 补救单精子注射（ICSI）：在取卵当天，对初步判断常规受精完全失败者，会紧急进行补救ICSI，尽可能挽救一部分患者的结局。

受精失败更多是归结于男方精子与女方卵子异常问题，但单方面的异常也会受到自身情绪和压力的影响，尽量保持放松愉悦的心情，更有利于精卵的发育和成熟。

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